What Were The Causes And The Effects Of The French Revolution Essays

What were the causes and the impacts of the French Revolution? The significant reason for the French Revolution was the debates between the various sorts of social classes in French society. The French Upheaval of 1789-1799 was one of the most significant occasions in the history of the world. The Revolution prompted numerous adjustments in France, which at the hour of the Revolution, was the most remarkable state in Europe. The Revolution prompted the advancement of new political powers for example, majority rules system and patriotism. It doubted the authority of rulers, ministers, and nobles. The Revolution likewise gave new implications and new plans to the political thoughts of the individuals. The French Revolution was spread over the multi year time span somewhere in the range of 1789 and 1799. The essential driver of the transformation was the disagreements about the people groups' varying thoughts of change. Before the start of the Revolution, just moderate changes were needed by the individuals. A case of why they needed this was a direct result of lord Louis XIV's activities. Toward the finish of the seventeenth century, King Louis XIV's wars started diminishing the imperial funds drastically. This compounded during the eighteenth century. The utilization of the cash by Louis XIV rankled the individuals and they needed another arrangement of government. The compositions of the philosophes, for example, Voltaire and Diderot, were reproachful of the legislature. They said that not one authority in power was degenerate, yet that the entire arrangement of government required a few change. In the end, when the imperial accounts were consumed in the 1780's, there started a period of more noteworthy analysis. This started the laborers thought of needing change. Under the Old Regime in France, the ruler was the outright ruler. Louis XIV had brought together force in the illustrious organization, the government divisions which managed his approaches. Together, Louis XIV and the administration attempted to protect regal power and to keep up the social structure of the Old Regime. As of now in French history, the social classes played an significant job in the lives of the individuals. The social structure of France was partitioned among three gatherings: the First Estate, the Second Home, and the Third Estate. Every social gathering had a changed sort of individuals inside their structure, which introduced the various perspectives on the individuals. The First Estate was the Church. During the ancien system, the church was equivalent regarding its social, monetary, and profound power. The First Estate claimed almost 10 percent of all land in France. It covered no charges at the same time, to help church exercises, for example, school running and thinking about poor people, they gathered a tithe, or a charge on salary. Around 33% of the whole church in France served as ward clerics. Additionally remembered for this bequest were the nobles. A few of the nobles lived in extravagance in significant urban areas in France, for example, Versailles or Paris. Ward clerics typically carried on with a persevering life. This Estate was the minority of the individuals in France, having roughly 1 to 2 percent of the populace. The Second Estate in French life was the respectability. They delighted in broad rights and benefits. They made up under 2 percent of the populace. They, similar to the First Estate, made good on scarcely any duties. Financially, the honorability was portrayed by extraordinary land riches. Nobles were commonly the most extravagant individuals from the general public. Commonplace wellsprings of pay were rents and levy for the utilization of their homesteads or domains. The First and Second Estates were gathered in light of the fact that they had comparable political convictions. The Third Estate comprised of the normal people. It incorporated the bourgeoisie, laborers and city laborers. The bourgeoisie, or the working class, were by a wide margin, the wealthiest. In the bourgeoisie, there were the traders and makers, legal advisors, specialists and others like those kinds of callings. Laborers made up the biggest bunch inside the Third Estate. They had to settle powerful assessments, tithes to the congregation, and rents to their landowners for the land that they lived on. The last gathering inside the Third Estate were the city laborers. They were hirelings, understudies, and family unit servants. The significant reason for the Revolution were the distinctions these three gatherings had. Be that as it may, there was another significant factor during these occasions. France experienced unforgiving monetary issues. Poor ranch gathers by ranchers hurt the economy, and exchange rules from the Middle Ages despite everything endure, making exchange troublesome. In any case, the most genuine issue was the issue confronting the legislature during this time. The French government obtained a lot of cash to pay for the wars of Louis XIV. Louis despite everything acquired cash to battle wars and to keep French force alive

College Application Essay - Dos and Dont of Writing an Undergraduate School of Education Application Essay

College Application Essay - Do's and Don't of Writing an Undergraduate School of Education Application EssayIf you want to write an undergraduate school of education application essay, there are some things that you should be aware of before you begin. Using these tips can help you make sure that you have an easy time writing your essay. It will also give you tips for how to write a great essay that will have the school's admissions committee taking notice.First, understand the educational policy of the school that you are applying to. The policies may vary from one school to another. Some may be more strict than others. There are several elementary schools in North Carolina that are very strict about academic rigor, but the same schools will admit students with no problem if they know that the student has had an excellent or even a good grade record throughout their high school years.Second, get comfortable with your essay writing skills. If you think you are not, chances are you ma y want to rethink doing this, as this is something that you will want to include if you are applying to college. While there are essay writing tips that you can find online that can help you learn how to improve your writing, there are a few rules that should always be followed. One thing that you need to keep in mind is that you should only include information that you have considered.Third, read over your admission essay and consider what you are writing. Do you feel that the information you have provided is the best way to represent your candidacy? Are there other aspects that you need to address? Keep in mind that you will be making this type of statement on your admission application. You need to make sure that the information you provide is accurate and that you understand what the school is asking for when they look at your application.Fourth, when it comes to writing your admissions essay, remember that the admissions officer is looking for the school's academic policy. They are not only looking for academics, but also for other academic information such as extracurricular activities. While you want to get an admission letter, a formal academic evaluation is also important. Most schools will require that you provide transcripts, as well as an SAT or ACT score if you need one. Remember that a parent may be able to help you find the academic information that you need on your own.Fifth, think about what the admissions officer is looking for when they review your application. Is the school focused on grades? Does the school focus on any extracurricular activities? Does the school require you to provide an SAT or ACT score if they are doing the evaluation?Sixth, the admissions officer may be looking for other information besides grades. Your application could be requesting information such as how you plan to support yourself financially after graduation. If you want to apply to four-year colleges, the school's admissions officer may be looking for whether o r not you can afford to live away from home after graduation. It is very important to be fully prepared for these types of questions.Seventh, the last thing that you should be aware of when writing college application essays is time management. It is not a good idea to try to write this application essay in less than three weeks. This could hurt your application, because this is time that could be better spent creating your own essay. Save this time by making sure that you have plenty of time to prepare and revise your essay before submitting it.

How to Celebrate Chinese New Years Day

Chinese New Year is the most important and, at 15 days, the longest holiday in China. Chinese New Year begins on the first day of the lunar calendar, so it is also called Lunar New Year, and it is considered the beginning of spring, so it is also called Spring Festival. After ringing in the New Year on New Years Eve, revelers spend the first day of the Chinese New Year doing a variety of activities. Wear New Clothes Every member of the family starts the New Year off right with new clothes. From head to toe, all clothes and accessories worn on New Year’s Day should be brand new. Some families still wear traditional Chinese clothing like qipao but many families now wear regular, Western-style clothing like dresses, skirts, pants, and shirts on Chinese New Year’s Day. Many opt to wear lucky red underwear. Worship Ancestors The first stop of the day is the temple to worship ancestors and welcome the New Year. Families bring offerings of food such as fruit, dates, and candied peanuts and burn sticks of incense and stacks of paper money. Give Red Envelopes Family and friends distribute ç ´â€¦Ã¥Å'…, (hà ³ngbÄ o, red envelopes) filled with money. Married couples give red envelopes to unmarried adults and kids. Children especially look forward to receiving red envelopes which are given in lieu of gifts. Play Mahjong Mahjong (é º »Ã¥ °â€¡, mà ¡ jià  ng) is a fast-paced, four-player game played throughout the year but particularly during Chinese New Year. Learn all about mahjong  and how to play. Launch Fireworks Starting at midnight New Year’s Eve and continuing throughout the day, fireworks of all shapes and sizes are lit and launched. The tradition began with the legend of Nian, a ferocious monster that was afraid of red and loud noises. It is believed the noisy fireworks scared the monster. Now, it is believed the more fireworks and noise there are, the more luck there will be in the New Year. Avoid Taboos There are many superstitions surrounding Chinese New Year. The following activities are avoided by most Chinese on Chinese New Year’s Day: Breaking dishes bring bad luckGetting rid of trash sweeping away good fortuneScolding children signs of bad luckCrying signs of bad luckSaying inauspicious words signs of bad luckSweeping the floor bring bad luckWashing hair bring bad luck

The Development Of Elderly Patients - 1495 Words

INTRODUCTION Today in healthcare, elderly patients are becoming increasingly more common as a result of the aging baby boomers. This rise in the aging population has led to more hospitalization and hospice care of terminally ill and end of life patients. This phase in a patient’s life is often difficult and, as nurses, it is important to make this experience as comfortable and as peaceful as possible. Often times this can be challenging because the multitude of feelings being experienced and the physiologic changes that occur are extremely individualized and are not always predictable (Hodo, A., Buller, L., 2012). Since this transition can be difficult for all involved, the peaceful end of life theory exists as a guideline to help†¦show more content†¦This theory simply asserts that nurses are essential for the creation of peaceful end of life care for a patient. This care includes giving the patient freedom from suffering, emotional support, closeness to signif icant others, participation from significant others, and treatment with both empathy and respect. It was primarily developed for use when dealing with terminally ill adults and their families who are receiving care. A terminally ill patient will often suffer from a significant amount of physical pain, so palliative care is very important and should be managed accordingly. Symptom management will extend beyond easing the emotional pain and will include symptomatic relief of constipation, nausea, dyspnea, anxiety, delirium, and depression (Alligood, M., 2013). The theory also discusses the importance of informing the patients about the different types of treatment that are available to them. It allows nurses help the patient feel some in control an uncontrollable situation. The nurse should educate the patient about their disease and help them understand what’s to come, so the patient can establish his or her wishes regarding hospice, medications, or early termination of life. All of the appropriate care options that are available to the patient should be present to the patient and the risks and benefits

The Perfect and the Innocent Catcher in the Rye by J.D....

Perfection is a house on it’s own, but innocence is the landscape around it. The author of Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger, tells an interesting story about a boy who has avoided his home after getting kicked out his fourth school. This boy, Holden Caulfield, loves perfection and innocence. Holden is a strange character, he makes a snowball, but can’t throw it, imagines the museum as a perfect place because things don’t change, daydreams about his childhood sweetheart constantly, and after seeing â€Å"F† you written on the walls of the school, Holden tries to erase every one of them. Life for Holden is sad and uplifting at the same time, but he has to face the fact that he is growing up and can’t be the protector of children. Holden†¦show more content†¦Holden has to drop the snowball before entering on the bus, because â€Å"people never believe you† (Salinger 37). This shows that people are not perfect and it has impacted every soul on the Earth. The tone is disgusted as Holden think about all of the people who are imperfect. That’s just about every single one of them. Unlike nature, humans don’t run on a perfect schedule and can adjust things in what ever way they want. This has been the case throughout history, this is why Holden likes the museum so, much. Holden hates how people are always making mistakes and ruining the idea of perfection, but he loves the fact that everything in the museum will stay the same forever, especially the Indians. The thing about the place that Holden adores so much, is â€Å"you could go there a hundred thousand times, and that Eskimo will still be just finished cathing those two fish† (Salinger 121). Those two fish will never change, it gives off a powerful sensation that everything is trapped in a glass case of time and you are the only one that is outside and able to change. In fact, Holden says, â€Å" The only thing that would be different is you. Not that you’d be much older or anything. It wouldn’t be like that exactly. You’d just be different, that’s all. You’d have an overcoat on this time. Or that kid that was your partner in line the last time had got scarlet fever and you’d have aShow MoreRelatedJ.b. Salinger s A Perfect Day For Bananafish 1714 Words   |  7 PagesMatthew Silbernagel Ms. Clark English III 30 November 2015 J.D. Salinger her was born in New York City in 1919. He wrote in the post war time period where writers wrote mostly about aesthetic or social rather than political problems. J.D. Salinger is the son of a Jewish father and a Christian mother. After enrollment at both NYU and Columbia University he devoted himself to writing and by 1940 he had published some short stories. But his career as a writer was interrupted by World War IIRead MoreSalinger s A Pretty Good Life Growing Up1269 Words   |  6 PagesGiselle Baez Ms. Cordil English 11R - A 11 May 2016 J.D. Salinger had a pretty good life growing up. He was born in New York City on January 1, 1919. Salinger’s academics weren t one of his priorities, but he did want to become one of the most famous authors. After failing several prep schools, he finally graduated from Valley Forge Military Academy in Pennsylvania (Telgen 117). He went to numerous colleges including Columbia University but didn t graduate from any. Salinger’s early adultRead MoreThe Is The Moral Aspects Of Society And Risk Taking1983 Words   |  8 PagesThe uniquely American attributes as seen in the novel The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger are the moral aspects of society and risk taking . The author’s use of theme and characterization are a clear and accurate testimony to this. Some general American traits include not waiting to be introduced, but beginning able to speak to strangers as they stand in a queue ( â€Å"American Society and Culture† ). In general, Americans like personal space and have a strong believe of freedom of choice (â€Å"101Read MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1104 Words   |  4 Pages J.D. Salinger has written multiple novels, but his most famous is The Catcher in the Rye. Not only is this novel famous for its literary merit, it is also known as his most banned novel in certain schools. Even though this novel has been banned, J.D. Salinger’s themes an d moralistic purposes serve literary worth. In The Catcher in the Rye, the reader is first introduced to Holden Caulfield, as first person narrator. He is a radically independent adolescent who tosses off judgments at ease unselfconsciouslyRead MoreCatcher in the Rye4413 Words   |  18 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye â€Å"Is The Catcher in the Rye, as a work of literature still relevant for today’s youth?† Name: Sara Sigurdson Course: English A1 Supervisor: Mr. Peter Steadman Word count: 3851 Candidate number: 00136022 Table of Contents Content Page Number Abstract 3 Introduction 4 The Actual Catcher in the Rye 4 The Sexual Matter 5 The Caulfield Family 6 Narrator and Protagonist 8 Role Model 9 Mr. Antolini 10 Targeted Audience 10 Guidance 12 Read MoreAnalysis of A Catcher In the Ryes Holden Caulfield: Enemy of Himself1686 Words   |  7 PagesJerome David Salinger’s only novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is based on the life events shaping main character, Holden Caulfield, into the troubled teen that is telling the story in 1950. The theme of the story is one of emotional disconnection felt by the alienated teenagers of this time period. The quote, â€Å" I didn’t know anyone there that was splendid and clear thinking and all† (Salinger 4) sets the tone that Holden cannot find a connection with anyone around him and that he is on a lonely endeavorRead MoreSalinger s The Rye 1527 Words   |  7 PagesCatcher in the Rye is a novel written by J.D Salinger, it follows 17-year-old Holden Caulfield throughout the days following his expulsion from Pencey Prep. The book dives into Holden’s unstable mind as he recounts his story from a rest home, often feeling confused, lost and mad at the world. This underlining theme of teenage angst has become very popular and finds itself in various works of modern day media such as the television show the Fosters. The Fosters follows the story of a similarly troubledRead MoreEssay on Meaningful Symbols in the Rye by J.D Salinger537 Words   |  3 Pages Catcher in the Rye†, by J.D Salinger, is about a boy named Holden Caulfield. He thinks the adult world is a bunch of â€Å"phonies.† The novel contains many key symbols that help develop the novel, and to help show Holden Caulfield’s point of view on the way he sees the world. Three of these key symbols include: Holden Caulfield’s red hunting hat, the ducks in the Central Park lagoon, and The Museum of Natural History. One of the most important and recognizable symbolsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel The Catcher In The Rye1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Catcher All the suffering, stress, and addiction comes from not realizing you already are what you are looking for. --Jon Kabat-Zinn By looking these hopeless people in San Francisco, that reminds me the horrible things that happened in front of me at that summer in New York. Some of the hospitalized people killed themselves in front of everyone at the Central Park. Those people all had the mental illness which suffered from the great depression, so they had the ideas to commit suicide justRead More Holden Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pages Holden Caulfield, the narrator and the main character of The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, is a young adult, who, at first seems to simply describes his four day adventure in New York City after bring expelled from his forth school. However, at the same time he narrates more; through his many experiences, which he describes in the book, we can see the themes of the work. The theme that definitely stands out is the loss of innocence. Holden portrays himself as an individual, who does not

Cyberattack Ukraine Spreads Internationally -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Cyberattack Ukraine Spreads Internationally? Answer: Introducation Cloud Computing- The concept of cloud computing is considered as the most important in the sector of Information Technology. Cloud computing has entered the technological industry like a storm. The total revenue that is estimated for the private and the public hardware of cloud, services, and software generally amounts to a total of 180 billion dollar, which is 16 % of the total IT industry. In last few years, the demand of cloud has tremendously increased to a total of 70 % of the total growth in IT sector and it is expected to grow to about 60 % by the year of 2020 (Avram, 2014). There are many advantages of using cloud computing in organizations and for personal practices. Cloud computing helps to create new era of services and products within the operations. Without the cloud, organizations are not able to give new services and products to their customers. The traditional outsourcing of the Internet Technology does not provide agility as cloud computing does. Cloud computing also controls all the traditional outsources which does match in most of the part (Rittinghouse Ransome, 2016). Cloud computing also gives rise to new leaders in the IT industry and also gives rise to IT vendors. Threats of Cloud Computing- Even though cloud computing provides many advantages for data in an organization, it also has many security issues that are involved in the organization. The security threats that comes from cloud computing are data breaches, cloud generally has weak identity and has weak access and credential management in the organization. Cloud Computing is also prone to data loss and also has issues on shared technology. A posted by Reuters and The New York Times, on 21st June Wednesday, a new virus was spread to damage a large amount of data around the world (Perlroth, Scott Frenkel, 2017). The virus that was spread crippled many computers, disrupted all the ports from Ukraine, city of Mumbai to the city of Los Angeles, and finally stopped in Australia at a chocolate factory. In Ukraine, the virus was first spread on Tuesday which affected all the computer systems silently only after the users has downloaded the accounting package of tax or the user visits a news site. The virus was stuck for more than a day and the companies all around the world were struggling to come out of the attack (Batcheller et al., 2017). The experts were also not able to find out a way to come out of the attack. The shipping giant of Danish, A.P. Moller of Maersk said that they found it difficult to process the orders and also shift their cargoes. This congested near about 76 ports all around the world that are run by the subsidiary of APM Terminals. The FedEx Corp of the United States said that the TNT Express part of its company was significantly affected by virus which has spread all along South America affecting the ports operated by China Cofco in Argentina. The code of the virus locked all the machines and also demanded for an amount of 300$ bitcoins from the victims. If they deny to give the ransom, the victims are to lose all their data same as the previous WannaCry ransomeware that was held in May (Srinivasan, 2017). Almost 30 victims paid the amount of money. But seeing the less amount of money, the experts were confused that weather the motive of the attacker was only to gain financially or they were attacking for destruction motive. The attackers instructed to the victims to get them notified when the ransom is paid through emails. The main aim of the attack was only to disrupt the system other than the ransom only. The malware that was detected was variant of all the past campaigns that were derived from a code known as the Eternal Blue which was developed by the NSA (National Security Agency) in U.S. After the WannaCry attack, the security firms, industrial groups, and the government advised the business groups and the consumers to have Microsoft security patches (MSFT.O) in their computers (Mansfield-Devine, 2017). The security firms which include Cisco Talos, Microsoft, and the SYMC.O (Symantec) said that some of the initial infections were completed by them when the malware was transferred to the users of Ukraine tax program software known as MEDoc. After gaining money in Ukraine, the malware was spread all over the corporate network to gain more amount of money. References Avram, M. G. (2014). Advantages and challenges of adopting cloud computing from an enterprise perspective.Procedia psychology,12, 529-534. Batcheller, A., Fowler, S. C., Cunningham, R., Doyle, D., Jaeger, T., Lindqvist, U. (2017). Building on the Success of Building Security In.IEEE Security Privacy,15(4), 85-87. Mansfield-Devine, S. (2017). Ransomware: the most popular form of attack.Computer Fraud Security,2017(10), 15-20. Perlroth, N., Scott, M., Frenkel, S. (2017). Cyberattack Hits Ukraine Then Spreads Internationally.The New York Times. Rittinghouse, J. W., Ransome, J. F. (2016).Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Schauer, S., Stamer, M., Bosse, C., Pavlidis, M., Mouratidis, H., Knig, S., Papastergiou, S. (2017). An adaptive supply chain cyber risk management methodology. Srinivasan, C. R. (2017). Hobby hackers to billion-dollar industry: the evolution of ransomware.Computer Fraud Security,2017(11), 7-9.

Hate crimes free essay sample

What is a hate crime? A crime motivated by racial, sexual, or other prejudice How many hate crimes were recorded by the FBI in its most recent hate crime report? 6,222 According to the Petrosinos article and our text, were there hate crimes before hate crime laws? Give examples and discuss. What is a lynching? How many lynchings are estimated to have taken place in our country? What are some reasons that people were lynched? (www. withoutsanctuary. org) Killing people in mob form. 4,743 lynchings were estimated to happen. Reasons were people blamed blacks for their financial problems after slavery was ended. Whites were lynched for helping blacks. Who was Emmett Till? A 14 year old African American boy, who was murdered after reportedly flirting with a white woman. Her husband beat Till and gouged out one of his eyes then shot him in the head and threw him in a river When and why were the Civil Rights Acts (CRA) passed? Passed in 1964 after John F. We will write a custom essay sample on Hate crimes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kennedys speech where he said this country will not be free until all its citizens are free What were the limitations of the CRA in the context of hate crimes? Only applied if the victim of the crime is engaged during one of the six federally protected activities, like voting or an involvement with inner state commerce When were the first hate crime laws passed? In the 1990’s What are the four types of hate crime laws and what do they do? You should be able to discuss each in detail. 1990 – Hate crimes statistics act. Collect data from local law enforcements 1994 – Hate crimes sentencing enhancement act – increase sentencing on hate crime offenders 1994 – Violence against women act – victims of gender based crimes can sue attackers 1997 – Church Arson Prevention Act – increase penalties for damage to places of worship The federal hate crime law, known as the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Act, significantly expands federal jurisdiction over hate crimes and the scope of what is protected under federal law. Explain. The original hate crime law protected people of different race, color, religion, sex or national origin. This act expands current hate crimes law to include violence based on gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability How are hate crime laws justified in terms of the theories of deterrence, retribution and symbolic messages? Explain the arguments under each theory. Deterrence – These laws will discourage people from committing the crime because of worse penalties. In the offenders mind the risk of worse penalties can outweigh the potential benefits of the crime. Retribution- Hate crime victims suffer more psychologically and emotionally with feelings of humiliation, isolation, and self hatred. Hate crimes tend to be â€Å"excessively brutal† as well so they could have more physical trauma. Symbolic Messages – The laws teach the moral and social norms of the community. Also the punishment declares that in the society the offense is not tolerated so it can make the victims feel better. According to the Henry and the Jacobs/Potter chapters (BB), what are the limitations/challenges/consequences of hate crime laws? The Hate Debate What does the First Amendment protect? protect the freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition What are â€Å"fighting words† and are they protected by the First Amendment? – Fighting words receive no First Amendment Protection because they are not normally part of any dialogue or exposition of ideas What is motive, and how is it different from intent? From what evidence can motive be inferred? Motive is used to explain why a person acted or refused to act in a certain way. It is the reason why the crime was committed. Intent is the supposed action or purpose of the crime. It is the result of motive, deliberate breaking of the law. What are the challenges faced by legislators in passing laws regulating hate on the internet? What challenges do prosecutors face in fighting hate crime on the internet? What did the Supreme Court rule in: Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire- the Court articulated the fighting words doctrine, a limitation of the First Amendments guarantee of freedom of speech Wisconsin v. Mitchell Wisconsins law that increased the penalty for racially motivated crimes did not violate the First Amendment. Mitchells conviction and increased penalty were constitutional. The Court ruled that a state may consider whether a crime was committed or initially considered due to an intended victims status in a protected class Black v. Virginia Cross-burning can be a criminal offense if the intent to intimidate is proven. How does the 14th Amendment relate to hate crime laws? The 14th amendment guarantees equal protection and hate crime laws give worse penalties to crimes against certain people. Which groups are protected under hate crime statutes? What are the policy implications from the inclusion or exclusion of certain groups? Who was Marc Lepine? A 25 year-old from Montreal, Canada who murdered fourteen women and wounded ten women and four men at a school. He separated the men and women in the room and shot the women. He had often complained about women working in nontraditional jobs Why might a victim fail to report a hate crime? Discuss. They could have poor relations with the police, because they are inhibited by cultural or linguistic factors, or because they are among the people who are the most voiceless in our societies. Also they might not want people to know that they are in the LGBT community. Why might the police fail to report or label a hate crime? Disucss. Police might not report or label a hate crime because they do not want to bring negative media to their town. The town where Matthew Sheppard was murdered is now known for that reason. What challenges are there to the prosecution of hate crime? Proving motive may be easy but proving intent is very hard unless there is specific evidence proving it was a hate crime. What are some of the potentially paradoxical impacts of hate crime? The laws can increase prejudice. The offender could dislike the group he assaulted because if it wasn’t for them none of it would have happened. Also it might make people feel that certain groups are getting special treatment. Hate Crime Targets What happened to James Byrd in Jasper, Texas? He was stopped by three men, two of which were white supremacists in a pickup truck who tied him to the truck with rope and dragged him down the road. He died after hitting his head on an edge. What is anti-Semitism? Prejudice against or hatred of Jews According to Jeffrey Salkin, Regional Director of the ADL, what historical events influence modern stereotypes about Jewish people? What are the definitions of the terms? Gay A homosexual person usually used to describe men but may be used to describe women as well. Lesbian – a homosexual woman Bisexual A homosexual person usually used to describe men but may be used to describe women as well. Heterosexual A person who is emotionally, physically, and/or sexually attracted and committed to the members or a gender or sex that is seen to be the â€Å"opposite† or other than the one with which they identify or are identified. Also called â€Å"straight† Homosexual- A person who is primarily and/or exclusively attracted to members of what they identify as their own sex or gender. A clinical term that originated in the late 1800s. Some avoid the word because it contains the base word â€Å"sex. † The terms â€Å"lesbian, bi and gay† are preferred by many in the LGBT community. Transgender This term has many definitions. It is frequently used as an umbrella term to refer to all people who deviate from their assigned gender at birth or the binary gender system. This includes transsexuals, cross-dressers, gender queers, drag kings, drag queens, two-spirit people, and others. Some transgender people feel they exist not within one of the two standard gender categories, but rather somewhere between, beyond or outside of those two genders. Transsexual A person who, through experiencing an intense, long-term discomfort resulting from feeling the inappropriateness of their assigned gender at birth and discomfort of their body, adapts their gender role and body to reflect and be congruent with their gender identity. How are hate crimes based on sexual orientation different from other hate crimes? There are still 15 states that do not include hate crime laws that do not include sexual orientation. It has been a big debate because people say sexual orientation is a choice and if they include sexual orientation it may open the door for other federal and civil rights. According to the Herek article (BB), what percentage of hate crimes based on sexual orientation are not reported to the police? Why do are many of these crimes unreported? What makes these crimes unique? Who was Matthew Sheppard and what happened to him? McKinney and Henderson who were giving Sheppard, a gay boy, a ride home subsequently drove the car to a remote, rural area and proceeded to rob, pistol-whip, and torture Sheppard, tying him to a fence and leaving him to die because he was gay. What events led up to the genocide in Rwanda? Who were the Hutus and the Tutsis? Describe what happened during the Rwandan genocide. What was the response of the international community? President Juvenal Habyarimana of Rwanda was returning from a summit in Tanzania when a surface-to-air missile shot his plane out of the sky over Rwandas capital city of Kigali. The Hutus were about 90% of Rwanda’s population and Tutsis were about 10%. On August 3, 1993 when Habyarimana signed the Arusha Accords, which weakened the Hutu hold on Rwanda and allowed Tutsis to participate in the government. This greatly upset Hutu extremists. The Hutus extremists went on a mass slaughtering of all Tutsis for 100 days killing about 800,000 people total. The international community refused to acknowledge the genocide and did not do anything to help. They refused to declare that a government guilty of exterminating its citizens would never receive international assistance. Hate Offenders What is the profile of the â€Å"typical† hate offender? Young, white, and male; he does not come form an especially impoverished backround; he has little or no previous contact with the hate criminal justice system; and he does not beling to an organized hate group. Identify and discuss the different types of offender motivations. Give examples. Thrill Seeking Crimes – the most common type. The offender’s, almost always young and in small groups, were just bored and looking for some fun. Not everyone in the group may be bias but the leader usually is. Reactive crimes – the perpetrator is reacting to what he considers to be an intrusion. Some incident triggers an expression of anger. They usually do not go out of their neighborhood to commit these crimes. The victim happened upon them. Mission Crimes- The rarest type, the offender, usually acting alone, seeks to rid the world of a particular kind of people whom he views as evil. Offenders are usually deeply troubled and sometimes even psychotic. Retaliatory Crimes – a person hears a report or rumor of a hate incident against his or her own group and takes revenge by committing a crime against a member of the initial supposed offending group. What is group think? Groups sometimes strive so much to maintain consensus that critical thinking is usually discouraged. Groups of people often make poor decisions, even though the individuals involved may be aware that they are poor decisions and may not have reached the same decisions on their own. Identify and discuss several experiments that illustrate the principle of group think? Zimbardo Stanford mock prison experiment Students were randomly assigned as guards or prisoners to try and realistically replicate the conditions of a real prison. It had to be stopped because the guards were getting very brutal. Milgram shock experiment – An actor scientist had a volunteer shock a person if they did not answer the question correctly (nobody really got shocked). The person would scream when the volunteer shocked them and the teacher would say keep going and they did even though they knew it was wrong. Asch line Experiment – A group actors and one person were in a room and they asked what line was the longest. The actors would all give the wrong answer and the volunteer would go along even though it was an obvious answer. What is prejudice? Making a decision before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. An unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. What is a stereotype? A thought that may be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things, but that belief may or may not accurately reflect reality What is the difference between an in-group and an out-group? An in-group is a social unit an individual belongs to, interacts with, and shares a sense of â€Å"we-ness† with. An out-group, on the other hand, is a social unit or group of people that an individual neither belongs to nor identifies with. What is the role of the family in creating bigotry? Kids often take the role of their father or mother. If at a young age a child’s parents openly express their prejudices the child will often take their same views. Identify and discuss the situational factors identified in class and in the book that contribute to bigotry (groups, economics, social milieu, culture). What is group think? How does that relate to hate crime commission? Why do people join organized hate groups? They usually do not have hatred toward certain groups but they are targeted by organized hate groups and lured into groups. Organized Hate Groups According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, how many hate groups were there in 2012? 1007 Identify and discuss the characteristics shared among all (or most) hate groups? Their viewpoints are bigoted. One of their primary goals is to advance their own interest at the expense of those they oppose. Usually have official membership criteria. They are organized Identify and discuss characteristics of the right wing racial movement and the white resistence movement. Explain the history the KKK as described in our text. After the civil war over and slavery was ended, many white southerners felt threatened. The wealthy feared losing their source of cheap labor. In 1865 the kkk was born. Who was Mulugeta Seraw? He was an Ethiopian student and father who went to the United States to attend college. He was killed in November 1988, at age 28, in Portland, Oregon by three white supremacists Identify and discuss the primary ideologies that are shared by many hate groups. Power – Hate groups are usually dedicated to gaining power, generally at the expense of other groups. White supremacists are concerned with losing their control over others. Racial Separatism Antipathy for the same groups – hate against groups such as Jews, people of color, and immigrants Antipathy for particular beliefs and actions – hate against beliefs or actions such as abortion, political liberalism, feminism. Based on the Blazak article (BB) and our text, describe the process of recruitment into and defection from hate groups. They focus on schools or neighborhoods where there is already some people of their group or where there was some perceived threat to straight, white males like areas where there had been large layoffs, where white students had been victimized by minority gangs, or where multiculturalism had recently been introduced into the curriculum. Then direct attention to individuals who are experiencing strain because of being left out, frustrated, or harassed. They offer programs to to solve their problems in live and offer structure What activities are performed by hate groups? Meetings – speeches, cross lightings, sales of t-shirts, CDs, and more. Music Rallies – get media publicity, reinforce to members that they are actually doing something, and offer opportunity for violence because of counterdemonstrators. Propaganda – fliers, pamphlets, newsletters and more. Internet – Websites that include propaganda Organized Political Activity Socializing What is the role of women in hate groups? There are women in hate groups and even a group called the mothers movement that was racist, anti Semitic, and against WWII. Fighting Hate What is Alport’s contact hypothesis? To reduce prejudice, put members of disparate groups together on equal footing for sufficient periods of time and to provide support for their cooperation in achieving a common goal. What is the Robber Cave experiment? The experimenters arranged for two emergencies to occur (a stuck bus and a broken water supply). The camp counselors then encouraged the rival groups of boys to work together to overcome these emergencies. The boys did so, and hostilities between the groups were greatly decreased. What is the jigsaw classroom? Children in a recently desegregated school in Texas were placed into small, racially integrate groups. Each member was given a unique set of information, and they were going to be tested on all of the info at the end. So they had to rely on their classmates in order to do well on the test. Can laws change bigotry? Why or why not? Laws can change signs of prejudice and, in time, attitudes are likely to follow. The best way to change attitudes is to change behavior first. Discuss the primary goals and approaches of the following organizations in combating hate: Southern Poverty Law Center civil rights organization dedicated to fighting hate and bigotry, and to seeking justice for the most vulnerable members of society. known for tracking and exposing the activities of hate groups. Documentary films, books, lesson plans and other materials that promote tolerance and respect in our nation’s schools Anti-Defamation League – Eliminate anti-Jewish stereotypes in the media and to combat other forms of anti-Semitism. Tracking extremists both in the us and abroad. Civil rights activism. Simon Wiesenthal Center – Combat hate through education. Opened the museum of tolerance, which has interactive multimedia exhibits on the holocaust and on prejudice in general. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force – Promote the civil rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people. Identify and discuss different models of rehabilitation. Victim-offender mediation – the victim and the offender are brought together, and the victim has the opportunity to describe the harm he or she has experienced and to ask questions, the offender can offer apologies or explanations. The goal is for the parties to reach a mutually acceptable agreement for reconciliation. Counseling or education programs – counseling on topics such as anger management and parenting skills. Listen to speakers from different ethnic and social groups, listen to victims of hate crimes, and learn about the law. Less formal ways – an offender might be ordered to tour a holocaust museum, or listen to a holocaust survivor or hate crime victim. Matched with a mentor of the group they hate. What is the Not In My Town anti-hate program? In a town where there were a lot of hate incidents, several community organizations passed anti-hate resolutions, people participated in pro-tolerance marches and vigils, and local residents donated time and paint to clean up racist graffiti. As described in your text and as discussed in class, identify and discuss the major efforts to fight hate. Are these efforts likely to be effective? Education of youth or the public in general Lobbying for anti-hate laws Monitoring organized hate groups Strengthening law enforcement efforts Public relations campaigns Victim-offender mediation Offender counseling and education Lawsuits against offenders and others