Howard Gardner and Applications of Multiple Intelligences Essay Example for Free

Howard Gardner and Applications of Multiple Intelligences EssayGardner believes that there are different ways of solving businesss and that there are different ways that intellectual ability is manifested or expressed (Gardner, 1993 1999). What had been accepted in education in general had been to assess students in basis of their capabilities in Science, Math and Language or Communication (English in written and spoken communication).Gardner expanded this to what he termed as multiple intelligence which introduced the domains with which every individual may possess in whatever degree. These domains include, the logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, linguistic, intra and inter-personal, naturalistic and existential intelligences (Gardner, 1993 1999). in that location are evidences that support the theory in terms of the biological and cultural underpinnings such as those done on development focused on children, empirical research from individuals with brain damage and persons with giftedness. The theory has signifi evoket implications on two structure and curriculum in the educational setting such as the kind of set up with which the classroom is arranged or the strategies employed in introducing material or assessment of skill (Gardner, 1993 1999).Problem statementSince Gardner believes that the educational setting at all levels must foster and promote the understanding of multiple intelligences the following clever parts of the educational set up involving curriculum and assessment strategies must be changed or reformed (Gardner, 1993 1999). This research thereof attempts to answer the following problem statements What is Multiple Intelligences as a framework in school? What is the description of a curriculum in the secondary level (high school) incorporating the Gardner theory? In this framework, how raft assessment be done on student teaching and overall progress of students?DiscussionNature of the learner in the Secon dary LevelThere are basic observations gathered by experts on the kind of learner expected to enter into the secondary level. Since the concept of Multiple Intelligences by Gardner would be extremist even today, when in essence, most institutions of learning already recognized the brilliance and applicability of his position. It would be helpful to crap alongside in the direction of this notion, quite a important figures and principles that would further make the application of the Gardner framework in the secondary level easier to grasp and more feasible to comprehend.The curriculum would serve to reflect how learners in their way into the classroom and courses they are about to under crap and to finish. It is always important to start right by understanding how the learner apprehends and appreciates the material, his preparation in terms of physical, feelingal, and psychological maturity, and the way these materials or knowledge could be absorbed and thereafter apply at the correct time and place. It was Malcolm Knowles (1978, 1990) and his theory andragogy who emphasized the model of braggy learning.The premise is based on his hypothesis that the maturation of an individual into adulthood is manifest when people conduct themselves in adult behavior and consider themselves to be adults. Then they should be dealt with as adults. By adulthood people are self-directing. Knowles taught that adult education was special in a several ways. This will smashed that the presence or absence of some signifi targett details will improve or pull down adult learning experience. This implies that knowledgeable punctuate on adults and the developmental characteristics of that particular stage will spell effective or disastrous results.This paper attempts to show the various positive and negative learning environments specifically for adults. Positive education Environment include 1. great(p) learners carry with them a vast amount of experience to the learning envir onment. This means that tuning in to their particular psyche creates a conducive atmosphere for learning 2. Adults expect on the kind of training they are exposed to and how they are to be educated. workoutUn ilk the younger learners where most take on passive role, adults have goals in mind and the learning they receive must fall within those preset personal goals 3. the active involvement of students should be encouraged in planning and implementing educational programs 4. Adults need to be able to see applications for new learning 5. Adult learners expect to have a high degree of influence on how learning will be evaluated 6. Adults expect their responses to be acted upon when asked for feedback on the progress of the program. Andragogy is therefore student-centered, experience-based, problem-oriented and collaborative (Brooks, J 1995). On the other hand, the following can influence adults specifically in the learning experience in an unhelpful way.The Negative Learning Environm ent includes the fact that 1. some adults can move toward prescribed educational settings with anxiety and feelings of high or low self-efficacy. Their method to new learning milieus can be prejudiced by how they assess or evaluate the new experience. A case in point given two adults in a classroom where an exercise is about to begin, one individual may interpret the assignment in such a way that leads to a feeling of excitement, magic spell another individual interprets the task in such a way that leads to the feeling of embarrassment. It is a fact that the way the individual interprets the situation and the consequent emotion that arises, will affect the kind of action the individual is to take (Burns, 1995, p.16).Burns considers that such assessments, together with the labels such as fear or anxiety can direct some learners to psychologically disengage from the source of distress that is the learning experience. Conversely, when coupled with labels such as excitement or challeng e the learner is conducted to take measures that focus on the undertaking.With this slant, the abovementioned findings just aptly show how the Multiple Intelligences framework is the better if not best option to amplify what adult learning insights have offered and how the issues are met and addressed. It would seem that the Gardner framework can be both an approach in the arrangement of teachers approach to the students silence assimilating information and training of skills development Gardners framework serves as assessment tool as well to further check and evaluate berth of learning as well as secure its usefulness (i.e., training and knowledge) for a future job (Gardner, 1993 1999).The curriculum then would appear more like a university level type that can be seen as implementation of several tracks, individualized in nature, with personal advising installed, and students are evaluated on their overall clique point average performance. Personality tests that are primarily ge ared to measure the Gardner traits are indispensable tools to discovering the possession of either or combinations of the intelligences (Gardner, 1993 1999). On the course or subject level, students are also handled in individual cases but getting used to the variations will be established in the long run and may no longer be as difficult to implement and follow-up.Evaluation of the student performance and any behavioural changes are pertinent tasks that teachers are to be cognizant of. In this manner, the application of formative and summative assessments would not only be appropriate but timely as well. According to studies on the subject, both summative and formative assessments are employed to provide a very objective result as to the efficiency and efficacies not only of the teachers methods. The evaluation itself (i.e., assessment for and of learning) is a vital factor that is found to help the student realize his potentials and attenuate the weaknesses hes had in the process of learning (Northern genus Arizona University, 2009).I believe that the methods of evaluating the interventions for the problem cannot be easily applied or even seen/grasped. However, this can only be understood well when applied (hands-on) to a particular school, class, and individual during a certain period like during the first half of a given school year. A detailed lesson plan, or syllabus is part of this tool with specific dates and key result areas to serve as a guide.This way, every student has each given the chance to decrease his best and not just be a statistic in an otherwise lopsided contest where no real winners are found but sooner disillusionment for failed dreams and succumbing to societal pressures are more common and expected.ReferenceBrooks, J (1995) Training and Development Competence a practical guide Kogan Page, London.Burns, S. (1995) Rapid changes occupy enhancement of adult learning HRMonthly June, pp 16-17.Knowles, M.S. (1978) The Adult Learner a Negle cted Species 2nd edition, Houston Gulf Publishing Company, Book Division and Knowles, M.S. 1990 The Adult Learner a Neglected Species 4th edition, Houston Gulf Publishing Company, Book Division.Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences the theory in practice. New York, NY Basic Books. And Gardner, H. (1999). Multiple approaches to understanding. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-design theories and models (pp. 69-90). Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum AssociatesNorthern Arizona University. Formative vs. Summative Evaluation. Retrieved on May 9, (2009), from http//jan.ucc.nau.edu/edtech/etc667/proposal/evaluation/summative_vs._formative.htm

William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare EssayWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616) was born in Startford-on-Avon, in the country of Warwick. The third child and firstly son, William was christened on 26th April, 1564 in the parish chruch. His father, John Shakespeare, was a prosperous businessman. William got his education in a good grammer school. His fathers business failed due to pretermit so William could not attend the University. At the age of eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway, the daughter of an old family friend and they had three children. The date of his arrival in capital of the United Kingdom is not known but he was said to have been arrived there around 1592.A theatre company, Lord Chamberlains Men, refounded in 1594, unquestionable into capital of the United Kingdoms leading company. Shakespeare became an important member in it and this group after got the name, Kings Men. From 1599, this occupied the Globe Theatre and later in 1608 took over the Blackfriars monestry. Shakespearean acq uires performed here show the change in the stage conditions, having more scenery and lighting effects. Shakespeare, by his genus Venus and Adonis and Rape of Lucerce, had earned considerable fame in 1594.The revival of classical drama brought about a change in the attitude of noblemen of that time. The theatre began to be attended by and the quality of the plays improved. In 1597, Shakespeare purchased New Place, an outstanding residential property. After acquiring a lot of property in Stratford, he retired to his house ih New Place. His career as a dramatist was over and The Tempest was his last play, written in 1611. On 23rd April, 1616, Shakespeare died and was buried in the altar of Stratford Church.As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 or early 1600 and first published in the First Folio, 1623. The plays first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility. Th e play remains a favored among audiences and has been adapted for radio, film, and musical theatre. Plot Development The plot of As You Like It is complex and comprises of a number of interweaving plots. The inter-linking of plots has been done beautifully by Shakespeare.The characters have been make and fit into incidents. As You Like It follows its heroine Rosalind as she flees persecution in her uncles court, accompanied by her cousin Celia and Touchstone the court jester, to find safety and eventually, love, in the Forest of Arden. The play features one of Shakespeares most famous and oft-quoted speeches, All the worlds a stage, and is the origin of the phrase too much of a good thing. Themes Envy, Hatered,Jealousy,Conceit The theme of envy, hatred, jealousy and conceit has been brought by Shakespeare with the help of Oliver and Duke Frederick.Oliver is envoius of his brother Orlando because although he treats him like a rustic he has all the good qualties in him which eclips e the qualities of Oliver. It is because he is jealous of Orlando, he hates him and tries to wipe out him. In the same way Duke Frederick is jealous of the popularity of Duke Senior and Rosalind. When he comes to know that it is because of Rosalind that the qualities of Celia are hidden, he decides to banish her as well. He had only kept Rosalind brook because Celia could not stay without her. Loyalty,Love,Devotion Adam is loyal to Orlando and loves him because he reminds him of Sir Rowland de Boys.He saves Orlandos life by helping him escape from the trap laid by Oliver to establish his life. Adam also offers Orlando his life savings and his service although he is very old. Duke Senior also has some followers who willingly follow the Duke to banishment. Love and allegiance is also seen in Celia for Roslind as they ecape to the forest of Arden together. They are inseperable like the Junos swans. Rosalind is in love with Orlando when he bravely defeats Charles the prized wrestler of the Duke. She gives him her necklace. A shepard named Silivius has also locomote in love with Phebe.Another love-story of Touchstone and Audrey is also taking place. It is anti-romantic story and although Touchstone wants to marry Audrey, he does not want it to be a life-long bond. orbit of the Poet Vikram Seth is an Indian novelist and poet. He has written several novel and poetry books. He has also received several awards including Padma Shri, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, WH Smith Literary Award and cross news show Book Award. Seth was born on 20 June 1952 in a Punjabi family to Leila and Prem Seth in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Seth spent part of his youth in London but returned to his homeland in 1957.He received primary education at Welham Boys School and then moved to The Doon School. After commencing secondary education at The Doon School in India, Seth returned to England to Tonbridge School. Having lived in London for many years, Seth now maintains residences near Salisbury, England, where he is a participant in local literary and cultural events, having bought and renovated the house of the Anglican poet George Herbert in 1996 and in Delhi, where he lives with his parents and keeps his extensive library and papers. Structure of the Poem The Frog and the Nightingale is a fable in the form of a meter.A fable is narrative, not longer than a short story and has a honorable. This poem has animals as its main characters. In this poem the poet has adapted features of modern poetry in following the pattern mixed metre and free verse. However to add the flavor of a ballad, a sure effort has been made to keep it close to the common speech. The poem follows the iambic meter and regular rhyme immediately following the lines rhyming together. The last word of each line rhymes with the last word of the next line. Mostly the lines are hexasyllabic with variations of one syllable. Theme and Summary of the PoemThe poem, The Frog and the Nightingale is a stringy ex ample of how people are deceived by others because of the wrong self-image and the lack of moral courage. Generally, people build their self-image on what others think of them. They do not have the moral courage to see through their strengths and weaknesses, and thus they fall into traps of selfish people. There are many people who use other people to fullfil their selfish motives. The poet wants to play the message that we need to realise our potential, have self-confidence and judgement of character so that we do not become victims of the crafty and hypocritical world.The poem begins with the capture croaking all day long at the Bingle Bog, under the sumac tree. Although the other creatures hated his blithering, they had no choice because the frog was to determined to introduction his hearts elation. One night a nightingale arrived and enchanted everyone withher melodious voice. Everyone cheered the nightingale and she sang all night long. The following night when the nighting ale was getting ready to sing the frog came to her and criticised the song as if he was a very good singer. The frog promised to train the nightingale but would charge a reasonable fee.He made nightingale sing continuously for six hours, not caring whether it is raining or not. He charged fee to everyone who came to sing the nightingale sing and thus she became very famous. The frog used to watch all the audience with joy both sweet and bitter. The frog used to chew up her and she grew more morose. Her voice was losing its charm and thus people stopped to listen to her singing. Once, during a performance, the frog began to shout on her asked her to puff up and sing properly. Th nightingale puffed up ,burst a vein and died on the spot. The frog got back his position and continued to sing and display his hearta elation.

Water Prevention And Control Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

weewee Prevention And Control Of Pollution Environmental Sciences EssayThe weewee supply justness framework in our landed estate is attributed by the coexistence of a number of different principles, rules and acts adopted over several decades extending from common law principles and irrigation acts from the colonial acts to the new-fangled regulation of water quality and contaminant. The basic lowlying reasons for water law reforms are both physical and institutional. Over the past few decades water has step by step become sparse in many parts of the country. This flowerpot be attributed to increased pollution of finite water resources and also increased use of water by all categories of water users as a consequence of stinting and population growth.The Water action of 1974 was Indias first attempt towards dealing comprehensively with the environment related issues. Water is a subject in the State List under the Constitution. Consequently, the Water Act which is a central law came into creation under Article 252(I) of the Constitution which empowers the Union Government to make laws in a field reserved for states. All the states receive approved the implementation of Water Act 1974. In spite of this thither is a lack of umbrella legislation at the national level because of which different state and central legal interventions do non coincide often.Water Prevention And Control Of Pollution Act, 1974 Salient FeaturesThe Water Act establishes a rally and State pollution eviscerate across boards. The Central Board may advise the Central Govt. on water pollution issues, coordinate the activities of state pollution control boards and devise a comprehensive mean for the control and prevention of water pollution. In case of any conflicts between the Central and the State boards, central board prevails.This act is applicable to streams, inland waters, subsurface waters, and sea or tidal waters. Standards for the discharge of effluent or the quality o f the used water being released into the water sources are to be prescribed by the state boards.Any person or any application for that matter has to take the consent of the state board before proceeding towards establishing any persistence, cognitive change or process or any treatment or waste disposal system.The Act specifies different important functions of the state boards as followsDevising a comprehensive programme for prevention, control and abatement of water pollution in respective statesEncouraging, conducting, and participating in investigations and research of water pollution problemsInspecting facilities for sewage and develop economical and reliable methods of its treatmentState board in its capacity may take emergency measures if it foresees accidents or events that might pollute the water bodies. These measures include activities a analogous removing the pollutants, alleviating the disability and issuing orders to the polluter prohibiting effluent discharges. Under section 33A state boards keister issue directions to any person, office or authority, including orders to close, prohibit or regulate any industry, operation or process and to stop or regulate the supply of water, electricity or any other service.Not complying with a court order under section 33 or a direction from the board under section 33A is punishable by fines and imprisonment as per section 41.In order to assist the Water Act, the Water Pollution Board constituted under the Pollution Act, has been empowered under the Cess Act to levy a cess/tax for meeting the fiscal requirements for its working. This cess is for the purposes and utilization under the Water Act. The Cess Act grants a rebate in the cess payable to those who install a be for the treatment of sewage or effluents. This is wiz of the steps to encourage establishments to set up effluent treatment plants and process the effluents before releasing them. However it is to be noted that Cess Act cannot be deciph ered individually and should be taken into consideration only in relation with the Water Act.While it is quite unembellished that water laws are the exigency of the hour but these water law reforms can only contribute to solving water management issues but bolt to solve issues related to human rights, social, environmental and wellness aspects of water.Textile industryThe fabric industry in India in the first place depends upon exports and manufacturing. Export income from fabrics account for around 30% of Indias export revenues and 3% of Indias Gross home(prenominal) product. This industry has grown a lot over the past few years especially after the economic liberalization in 1991 where the country was opened to free trade under the auspices of Dr Manmohan Singh.The table below gives the major strength and weaknesses of the textile industry in the countryStrengthsWeaknessesProduction CapacityIncreased global competitionCheap LaborDumpingEfficient performance facilitiesHuge D ecentralized sector spacious domestic markets elevated employment besLarge Export PotentialPoor Supply chain managementFlexible manufacturing SystemsOutdated technologiesTo grow at a rate of around 15% in the coming years the sector needs to keep in mind the following points which shall go a long way in ensuring that growth is maintained at healthy rate and is also sustainable.Threat of competition in Domestic Market bionomical and Social AwarenessEcological and social awareness are going to play a huge role in de full termining who is going to tie profits in a sustainable manner keeping in view the sensitivity of the stakeholders who are most of the times the losers when large scale ontogenesis takes place.The industry is likely to face squeeze from the media, the Government and the common people to follow international norms and regulations which shall prohibit it from victimization natural resources like Water which is a key ingredient in producing textiles. The way this indu stry uses water and how much it pollutes the conglomerate sources shall be determined by external factors.Developed markets have super high standards of consumer consciousness on issues much(prenominal) as polluting Dyes, Usage of Child Labor, Unhealthy working conditions of the mill workers etc. Standards like SA 8000 have now been started to have got implemented in the industry at a large scale. This has also led to pressure on companies to limit sourcing from countries which violate the practices mandated under the norms of SA 8000. The Indian industry needs to improve its working practices and the fallout of the new international developments in this particular nation. In much(prenominal) a scenario large players can take emolument of this and indulge in practices which promote sustainability. Proper water Use by textile mills and recycling and purifying water and then reusing it for industrial purposes can also serve the purpose in the long run.Textile Industry and water PollutionTextile Industry is one of the most polluting industries in the country and in terms of consumption of water it constitutes around 3.2% of total consumption of water for various processes like scouring, sizing, and bleaching, dying and other associated processes. It is one of the most increment sectors in the Indian economy in terms of its contribution to the total GDP of the country.Water pollution is done by each and every process in the whole manufacturing of textiles, The table below gives an exhaustive list of the various processes and the nature of effluents and pollutants which are released as a result of the in a higher(prenominal) place.ProcessPollutantsNature of EffluentsDesizingStarch, Glucose, Resins, Fats and Waxes gamy Biochemical oxygen begKieringCaustic Soda, Wax, Grease, Soda Ash, Sodium SillicateStrongly Alkaline, High Biochemical oxygen DemandBleachingHypochlorite, Caustic soda, Hydrogen peroxide and acids utter biochemical oxygen demand and strongly alkalineMercerizationCaustic SodaStrongly alkaline, low biochemical oxygen demandDyeingReducing agents like sulphides, acetic acids and soapsFairly high biochemical oxygen demand ,strongly coloredPrintingDyes, starch, gums oil, china clay, mordants, acids and saltsFaily high biochemical oxygen demand, Oily appearance goalSpecial finishes, starch, salts, tallowLow Biochemical oxygen demand, less alkalineThe polluted water is very harmful for human beings living in and around the eye socket where the pollution takes place as the turbidity of the water is very high and toxic elements present in the water which have a detrimental takings on humans and animals make such water unfit for consumption. The stakeholders which reside alongside areas which are abnormal by this menace face severe health hazards and face decrease and productivity and bearing span as a result of the above.Effects on Aquatic Life and Other living creaturesHigh PH levels in water makes it alkaline, alkaline wat er is not fit for aquatic creatures like fishes and it also causes incrustation in sewers and may also damage crops by hampering their natural growth rate.Spoiling the natural color of water hampers the passage of sunlight and thus prevents photosynthesis in the aquatic plants and other marine life existent inside water.The effluents and oils present in the pollutants which are passed into water increase the turbidity of water and gives it a bad appearance and foul smell. Oily shabu interferes with the oxygen transfer and colloidal matter clog the pores of landed estate.High levels of fade out solids are detrimental to sewers as it causes incrustation in sewers. High level of atomic number 11 is also harmful to crops.Dissolved oxygen in water is an essential element in marine life and therefore the do of oxygen infallible to correct the effluent is expressed in the form of biochemical oxygen demand or BOD.Steps to curb Water PollutionTo curb pollution due to these textile mil ls in the areas around them the following measures can be taken in order to increase measures get outing to long term sustainability as a corporate strategy which is wholly aligned to the descent goals of being profitable in the long run and acquire market deal in the future.Reduction in waste water volume The water used in touch of textiles is reduced to a considerable extent such that the effluent concentration is limited to a specified sharp volume of water and it does not start impacting larger volume of water.Counter flow processingWater re-use technique which uses the same water before discharging it into the water body so that effluent concentration is limited to a small volume and to a greater extent than water is saved in the process.Reduction of process chemicals The process chemicals create more than 90% of the pollution in textile industries. This also brings down the production cost in terms of the chemicals used. It can be achieved through reusing various chemica ls when processes are completed. For Example Caustic soda is recovered from the mercerizing and sourcing and is consequently filtered and dialyzed so that it can be reused.Process modification would involve slight modifications in the various processes used during manufacturing in order to create lesser pollution and reduces unnecessary wastage of water. trustworthy alternate chemicals can also be used during manufacturing so that recovering those chemicals become hands-down and it thus can be used in get on manufacturing processes.Pre-Release Stage Water TreatmentBefore water is released into the nearest water body it is essential that it is treated properly in order to fasten that there is significant reduction in the level of pollutants in water before it gets released into the water body.The following steps are necessary in order to ensure proper water condition before release into the nearest river or stream or lake.Primary Treatment It involves concepts of removal of susp ended solids by sedimentation, flotation or coagulation techniques using alum and electrolyte.Secondary Treatment This involves oxidation of organic matter by aeration either by chemical of biological methods or by both. This is done in presence of micro organisms in presence of chemicals such as Urea. Pollutants resistant to biodegradation such as detergents and petrochemicals are removed by non biological means and are again treated with bleaching powder before releasing them into the water body.Tertiary Treatments Tertiary treatment contains of three main methods likeChemical Coagulation which involves a mixing tank with the effluent and the coagulant mixed and its PH adjusted to an optimum level. The resultant coagulated material is free by sedimentation or flocculation.Carbon absorption Technique which is effective in removing pigments and dyes using carbon which is activated and has large surface area.Reverse osmosis where cellulose acetate rayon is used to create a semi pe rmeable membrane and subjected to pressure which is usually greater than the osmotic pressure of the effluent. This process can remove 95% of the dissolved solid content as the solution passes from area of higher concentration to lower concentration.Now to discuss the applicability of these methods to curb water pollution in Textile industry and also to do the cost benefit analysis of the same we shall discuss a relevant case of Tiruppur Textile Industry. field discussion Tiruppur Textile IndustryBackgroundSouth Asia lately has become the hub of Industrialisation and the unchecked growth is leading to severe environmental problems. Industries have sprung up as clusters which is why the issue of environmental pollution becomes even more relevant in highly water polluting industries like textile dyeing, leather tanning, publisher and pulp processing, sugar manufacturing, etc. The runoff released by these industries leads to contamination of surface and ground water sources and eventu ally impacts the livelihood of the poor. In a usual scenario, the above mentioned industrial units function at a small or medium scale, are a huge employment opportunity for the locals and have the potential to consecrate foreign exchange because all these industries are export oriented and more than half of their produce is shipped abroad. Given the vast coverage of these industries, the pollution control mechanisms have been awfully weak in these units. The pollution control authorities have been lenient in implementing the law and ensuring prevention of water pollution caused due to these industries mainly considering the socio economic benefits that they provide and also the low financial capacity of the small scale units. It is a huge pileus investment for the relatively smaller industrial units to set up effluent treatment plants and the return on investment is very low. Since they provide employment, therefore these agencies have not tightened the noose on them. This berth of the Pollution Control Boards further discouraged the polluting industries to formulate and implement pollution management and reduction strategies either by efficient effluent treatment or process changes by adopting newer and cleaner technologies. In this report we have attempted to analyse the environmental impact of the production process followed in a textile unit with reference to Tiruppur, a major textile cluster in South India. A cost benefit analysis of the implementation of cleaner production processes and setting up of treatment plants has also been done to depict the return on investment for these textile units.Textile Industry And Its BenefitsTiruppur, located in Tamil Nadu, is a leading cotton knitwear industrial hub in South India. The industrial activities have experienced a rapid growth during the last two decades due to decentralization and flexibility. At this point of time more than 9000 small-scale textile related units are operating with a volume of investme nt more than US $ 200 million. The city of Tiruppur contributes 56% of the total cotton knitwear exports from India. The industry provides socio-economic benefits to the local community and to the nation in the form of employment, income, and foreign exchange. More than 2 lakh people are directly employed by this industry. The export value from Tiruppur during the year 2002 was about US $ 957.5 million. An equal amount is sold in the domestic market. The economic opulence of Tiruppur on this industry and the local community is employed either directly or indirectly in this industry in one way or the other.Textile Process And PollutionThe textile manufacturing process on the whole is a polluting activity with the major contributors being the bleaching and dyeing (textile processing).During 1981, in Tiruppur , only around 70 textile units were operating. This number drastically rose to 450 ten years later and further to 866 in 1997. With due credit to efforts of the Tamil Nadu Pollut ion Control Board (TNPCB) against the release of untreated effluents some units had to be shut down because of non-conformity to the pollution prevention standards in the state. In 2004 there were a total of 702 textile processing units functioning in Tiruppur. These units together used around 85 million litres per day (mld) of water and discharged a homogeneous quantity (83 mld) as effluents, which are laced with a significant volume of chemicals used at the wet processing stage. The point worth noting here is that the amount of water used as input is nearly same as the amount of water that is released in the water bodies which actually means that if there is a possibility to treat the effluents, the resultant residual water can be used as a recycled input and thus costs can be decreased. These units collectively produced a quantity of 15,000 tonnes of cloth per month. The incessant release of untreated effluents for more than 10 years has resulted in accumulation of harmful susp ended and dissolved solids in the soil, ground water, etc. at Tiruppur and surroundings. During 1980 to 2000, the cumulative pollution load discharged by the Tiruppur units is as followsTotal Dissolved Solids(TDS) 2.35 million tonnesChloride 1.31mtSulphate 0.13 mtTotal Suspended Solids 0.098 mtChemical Oxygen Demand 0.09mtBiological Oxygen Demand 0.03 mtOil and Grease 0.001mtImpact of Textile Effluents On The EnvironmentFrom the research conducted on water pollution in Tiruppur area, it is clearly evident that the accumulation of chemicals had added to the woes. All ground water studies showed that open wells and stupid person wells in and around Tiruppur exhibited high levels of TDS (ranging from 3000mg/l to 11,000 mg/l) and Chloride (ranging from 2000 mg/l to 5000 mg/l) due to industrial pollution and these values were much higher than the background level for this region. The available groundwater in this region was rendered unsuitable for domestic, industrial or irrigation con sumption. The surface water studies indicated that the Noyyal river (the river passes through Tiruppur and receives the major share of untreated effluents), reservoir, downstream of Noyyam, (Orthapalayam) and irrigation tanks have been adversely affected by industrial pollution and the surface water is unfit for consumption purposes. A study to measure the quality of soil also indicated the pollution concentration and most of the area the soil is alkaline (pH 8.5) or tending to alkalinity (pH 8-8.5).The Damage Cost Imposed By Pollution delinquent to high water pollution many adverse effects in the ecology of the Tiruppur area are observed. Agricultural water, drinking water and various fisheries in Tiruppur area and downstream villages have been affected. The water which has been polluted by the textile industry is injurious (EC3mmhos/cm) to agriculture in an area of 146.3 square km and overcritical (EC 1.1 to 3 mmhos/cm) in 218.3 square km. Because of this, crop productivity in th ese villages has declined substantially which has affected the welfare of farmers. Recently farmers took action and filed a case against the industry. The total cost to agriculture was estimated at US $50 million. Drinking water in these villages has also been affected and the municipality has to bring additional water from neighboring villages. In affected villages, special water supply schemes have been issued by the Water Board. Also, a lot of the rook fall is being met by bringing water from distant sources of water which leads to the wastage of a lot of time and effort. Considerin all of this, the total damage cost due to pollution of drinking water comes down to US$23.8 million. The fisheries activities in various downstream regions like the Noyyalriver, tanks and reservoirs have been affected as well. Fish mortality rate has increased which has led to a stoppage of fish culture. US $.15 miilion comes out to be the loss in value of fish and besides that, the possibility of t he toxicity of existing fish is also high, consumption of which can lead to serious health problems.This high level of pollution has had an adverse effect on the operations of the industry itself. Since most of the industrial wells in this area have only coloured, or very highly polluted water, major water supply is brought in through tankers from peripheral areas. The cost incurred by the industry to maintain this additional source of water supply is US $165 million. Besdies this, the continued buying of water leads to the development of a water market, which causes the water levels in the peripheral villages to go down, affecting the livelihood of villagers. On many occasions, protests have been done by villagers against the water transfer. A mega water supply project is being undertaken by the Tiruppur Area Development Corporation. The total cost of this project is estimated to be US $269 millions and will have to be financed by government agencies and the consortium.Under this s cheme, it has been intend that 185 mld of water, which would be both industrial and domestic, would be transferred to Tiruppur from River Cauvery, which is an interstate and a very controversial river in India. If this project would succeed, the industry will need to pay more than what they are currently paying for water, which could result in a huge cost increase for textile processing.Besides these quantifiable terms, human health and aquatic eco-system of river, tanks and reservoir, livestock etc. also get affected by water pollution, but their cost has not been taken into account as it is not easy to express in monetary terms.Status of Effluent TreatmentOn seeing various adverse effects and hence assessing the seriousness of pollution from textile affluents, the Courts finally gave an order against the continued functioning of various polluting units without being accompanied by effluent treatment plants in 1997. After this order, the state pollution control agency has increase d the amount of pressure on all the textile manufacturing units towards effluent treatment. The units which were too small to comply with these regulations and survive were closed. Presently out of the existing 702 units, 278 units are treating upto 38 mld of water effluents through Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CEPTs) which are 8 in number and 424 units are treating upto 45 mldof chemical effluents using Individual Effluent Treatment Plants (IETPs). For effective effluent treatment, US $ 10 million has been spent for various fixed costs, which the Government subsidizes heavily. Besides these, an additional US $ 6.7 million has already been incurred as annual running costs. The cost analysis has shown that the variable cost per unit of effluent treatment is much higher than the capital cost both in the IETPs (which is 86% of total cost) and CETPs (which is 73%). Unfortunately the current treatment system is not sufficient for reducing the large amounts of TDS, particularly the acids like Chloride and Sulphates. The average concentration of TDS in the treated effluents is 300 of the TNPCB standard of 2100 mg/l. The same is true of Chloride, which averages more than 300% of the CETP existent standard.Learnings from the case therefore we can see that the management of environment at the Tiruppur textile industry has been difficult and the various difficulties faced by the various actors (State Pollution Control Board, Water Resources Organisations, Local Government , Industrial Organisations, NGOs etc.) or interested parties in this regard or in finding a solution for this problem. If these difficulties had been effectively dealt with, the environmental impacts could not have continued at this level. The above analysis on various RO plants and CPT for the textile units has clearly shown the long run advantage to the industries apart from reducing the various social costs. These technologies can be implemented by all large-scale units who possess the capacity for investment and have long-term vision about the business. only when the affordability of affluent treatments among existing large number of small and medium units remains a big challenge. The textile manufacturing industry is predominantly an export oriented business which faces high competition. So any investment done on RO or CPT here impacts the cost of production by increasing it in the short run which is especially true for the smaller units. Also being able to find such big investment, which is approximately more than 10-20 times the overall capital investment, is almost impossible. But the introduction of a much cleaner production for textiles and the availability of advanced treatment technology is the viable long term solution towards further improvement of environmental standards. Realizing the same facts, (i.e. the existing economic benefits of the Tiruppur industry, social costs of pollution, various constraints in effective management of pollution among small scale units, and the need for a having a critical solution for the pollution problem), an integrated process of pollution management can be attempted at by different actors who are related to Tiruppur textile business. In such circumstances the role of various foreign buyers and the consumers of Tiruppur garments are greatly significant. If a very strong demand for garments which are pollution free or come with a verdure label is observed from them along with a willingness to pay more, definitely it would provide pressure to introduce cleaner technology by the various industries operating in this domain. A few very small units will have no other option but to close down, since making such an investment may not be viable for them. Other units however can think of various steps like unit modification individually or even have joint units. Most critical are proper technical guidelines for these units and financial support is needed for the units from various domestic and foreign research i nstitutions and other donor agencies. In parallel, sincere collaborative efforts from joint industrial associations, pollution law enforcement agencies, industrial consultants and experts, etc. are also required. Only than the textile industry in Tiruppur would be able to achieve the ideal objective of sustainable development.Recommended schema for companies in textile industryThe companies in Textile industries can be divided into two Major players with financial strength to invest in greener technologies and small player which need assistance even to maintain regulatory standards. Hence the strategy will also differ based on the type of company. outline for small playersA broad categorization has been done based on the revenue. Below Rs. 10 million the company can be said a small company. It is imperative for a small company to follow regulatory standards at least. While government is finding difficult to close all such factory due to labor intensive nature of such industry it is always a long term risk hence the standards should always be maintained. Hence their strategy is to achieve the minimum standards by increasing the cost as less as possible. The immediate high investment in green technology may throw them out of market. Following strategy must be followed by the company. To have least impact on increment in costs the company might seek financial assistance from government subsidy or jointly making investments. To get knowledge assistance it could meet with various stakeholders.Strategy for big playersA major player could afford a significant investment for the long term overall benefit. The strategy should be to gain competitive advantage by achieving Cleaner process technology and establishing efficient effluent treatment plants. These will have high investments in short term but will give major cost advantage and high value of intangibles, other important aspect is to have a specialty based on greener features. This way a high premium could be charged against the product and much higher overall profitability could be achieved.

The Concept Of Governmentality

The Concept Of GovernmentalityThe concept of governmentality is a neologism used by Michel Foucault in his work on newfangled forms of political power. It is a term that combines government and rationality, suggesting a form of political analysis that focuses on the forms of knowledge that make objects visible and available for governing. In Foucaults terms, governmentality refers to a typical modality for exercising power, one which is not reducible to the introduce. Governmentality is understood to work at a distance by seeking to shape the demeanor of conduct. This in turn implies that governmentality refers to a wide range of points of application, including fields of pull with not ordinarily thought of as political, such as medicine, education, religion, or commonplace culture.Governmentality is a notion that develops Foucaults distinctive approach to the analysis of power relations. His work not only relocates power, dispersing it away from sovereign proceedings of cent ralised state agencies. It rethinks the type of action through which power is exercised (see brownish 2006b). In fundamental respects, the signifi fagce of the notion of governmentality for social theory turns on the interpretation of just what sort of theory of action this notion presupposes. The next two sections explore just where this significance lies.Lemke (2002) argues that Foucaults work on governmentality provides a means of understanding the relationships amidst knowledge, strategies of power and technologies of the self that can usefully augment narratives of neoliberalism. From this military position, neoliberalism is understood as a political rationality that tries to render the social domain economical and to link a reduction in (welfargon) state services and security systems to the increasing call for personal responsibility and self-care (Lemke 2001, 203). On this understanding, governmentality is a concept that augments the political-economy approaches outlined in the previous section. For example, Ongs (1999) account of the distinctive forms of governmentality deployed by post-developmental states revolves around the assumption that various regulatory regimes manipulate cultural discourses to selectively make people into legitimate sorts of economic subjects consistent with the objectives of particular home(a) strategies of accumulation. Jessop (2007, 40) has also argued that the convergence amidMarxism and governmentality studies follows from the mutually supportive emphases of the two approacheswhile Marx seeks to explain the why of capital accumulation and state power, Foucaults analyses of disciplinarity and governmentality try to explain the how of economic exploitation and political domination.This formulation acknowledges Foucaults own observation that he was concerned with the how of power, but assumes that this descriptive focus merely augments the explanatory project of Marxist political-economy. What is cover over here is a fundamental philosophical difference between these two approaches the concept of governmentality implies an analysis that focuses on the description of practices instead of causes and explanations.The Marxist and Foucauldian approaches are not necessarily as easily reconciled as it might appear. There are two main areas of difference between these approaches their respective understandings of the state and of discourse (Traub-Werner 2007, 1444-1446). Political-economy approaches assume fairly static models of the state and the grocery, and view their relationship in terms of contradictory movements of de-regulation and re-regulation they also assume that discourse is a mimetic concept, and focus upon how discourses are theorized differentially materialised in particular contexts. In contrast, governmentality refers to modalities of power that stretch far beyond the state and discourse is not a figurative system so much as a distinctive concept of action, referring to the combina tion of technologies, means of representation and fields of possibility.Despite the underlying philosophical differences between governmentality and Marxist political economy, Foucaults notion has become an important reference point in recent debates about neoliberalization (Larner 2003, Barnett 2005). If there is such a thing as a neoliberal project, whence it is assumed that it must work by seeking to bring into existence lots of neoliberal subjects (cf. Barnett et al 2008). Work on this topic assumes that extending the range of activities that are commodified, commercialized and marketized necessarily implies that peoples subjectivities need to be re-tooled and re-worked as active consumers, entrepreneurial subjects, or empowered participants (e.g. Bondi 2005, Gkariksel and Mitchell 2005, Mitchell 2003, Mitchell 2006, Sparke 2006a, Walkerdine 2005). In this interpretation, the distribution of power implied by the notion of governmentality is re-centred around a sovereign conce ption of state action, now able to reach out all the more in effect into all sorts of arenas in order to secure the conditions of its own (il)legitimacy.The reduction of governmentality to a mechanism of subjectification marks the point at which Foucaults historical, genealogical approach to issues of subject organisation is subordinated to presentist functionalism of theories of neoliberalization. This reduction follows from the ambivalence around subject-formation in the formalized models of governmentality that have developed Foucaults ideas. Roses (1999) analysis of advanced liberal governmentality argues that forms of social government, of which the classical Keynsian welfare state stands as the exemplar, are being supplanted by the de-socialisation of modes of governing. The rationalities of advanced liberal welfare reform take the respectable reconstruction of the welfare recipient as their central caper (ibid. 263). They seek to govern people by regulating the choices mad e by autonomous actors in the context of their everyday, ordinary commitments to friends, family and community. This rationality is visible in the proliferation of the registers of potency and improvement, in which both subjects participating in welfare or development programmes are geared towards transforming the relationships that subjects have with themselves (Cruickshank 1999, Li 2007).In analyses of advanced liberal governmentality, these shifts in political rationality are the result of the efforts of a diverse set of actors pursuing plural ends. They do not reflect the aims of a singular, coherent neoliberal project pursued through the agency of the state. This ferocity is lost in the functionalist appropriation of governmentality to bolster theories of neoliberalization. This is compounded by the tendency in this work to put on that the description of political rationalities also describes the actual accomplishment of subject-effects. The vocabulary of theorists of neolibe ral governmentality theorists is replete with terms such as elicit, promote, foster, attract, guide, encourage and so onThe paint feature of the neo-liberal rationality is the congruence it endeavours to achieve between a responsible and moral individual and an economic-rational actor. It aspires to construct prudent subjects whose moral quality is based on the fact that they rationally assess the costs and benefits of a certain sort as opposed to other alternative acts (Lemke 2001, 201).The point to underscore here is the emphasis on a rationality that endeavours and aspires to bring about certain subject-effects. Narratives of the emergence of neoliberal governmentality display little sense of just whether and how governmental programmes seek to light people to comply with projects of rule or identify with subject-positions. This is in large part because the Foucauldian approach to neoliberalism continues to construe governmentality in terms of a governance of conquering (Clar ke 2004d, 70-71). Such an assumption leads almost automatically to the conclusion that neoliberalism degrades any residual potential for public action inherent in liberal democracy (e.g. Brown 2003).Equipped with the concept of governmentality, this sort of presentation of neoliberalism is able to avoid any serious consideration of what sort of action can be exercised on subjects through acting on them at a distance. The idea that governmentality is a distinctive mode of political rule which seeks to hail into existence its preferred subjects, which are then only left with the option of resistance, needs to be inured with considerable scepticism. Understood as a mechanism of subjection, governmentality is assumed to work through the operation of norms. However, Foucauldian theory is chronically unable to acknowledge the work of communicative rationalities in making any action-through-norms possible (Hacking 2004). Theories of governmentality consistently fail to adequately specify the looping-effects between knowledge-technologies, practices, and subject-formation which are implied by the idea of governing at a distance (Barnett 2001). This failure leads to the supposition that governmentality works through representational modes of subjectification rather than through the serviceable ordering of fields of strategic and communicative action. At the very most, the governmentality approach implies a probabilistic relationship between regulatory rationalities of rule and the transformations of subjectivities, mediated by the rules of chance (Agrawal 2005, 161-163). It might even imply a reorientation of analysis towards understanding the assemblage of dispersed, singular acts rather than on psycho-social processes of individual subjection (Barnett et al 2008).The recuperation of governmentality as a theory of subject-formation, modelled on theories of interpellative hailing, overlooks the distinctive modality of action through which the Foucault addresses ques tions of subjectivity. Whereas liberalism and neoliberalism are understood in political-economy approaches as market ideologies, from the governmentality perspective liberalism (and by extension neoliberalism) should properly refer to a particular problematization of governing, and in particular the problematization of the task of governing free subjects. While a free market ideology might imply a problematization of free subjects, it does not follow that the problematization of free subjects is always and everywhere reducible to the imperatives of free market ideologies. Ong (2006) suggests, for example, a comment of neoliberalism in which long established technologies for administering subjects for self-mastery are only contingently articulated with projects directed at securing profitability. But this clarification still presumes that neoliberalism extends and reproduces itself primarily through a politics of subjection (see also Brown 2006a). It might be better to suppose that the distinctive focus in governmentality studies on modes of problematization should reorient analysis to the forms of what Foucault (1988) once called practices of ethical problematization. This would direct analytical attention to investigating the conditions for individuals to recognize themselves as particular kinds of persons and to reflect upon their conduct to problematize it such that they may work upon and transform themselves in certain ways and towards particular goals (Hodges 2002, 457). Two things follow from this reorientation. Firstly, it presumes that subjectivity is the product of situated rationalities of practice, rather than the representational medium of interpellative recognition (Hacking 2002). Secondly, it implies that the proposition that liberal governmentality seeks to construct self-acting subjectivities should not be too easily rock-bottom to the proposition that these subjectivities are normatively self-interested egoists (Du Gay 2005). For example, Isin (2004) argues that the distinctive style of problematizing contemporary subjects of rule is in terms of so many psychoneurotic subjects faced with various risks and hazards. One implication of this style of problematizing subjects is that state agencies continue to be the objects of demands to take responsibility for monitoring such neurotic subjects or securing them from harm.In this section we have seen how the third of the approaches to conceptualising neoliberalism identified by Larner (2000), which appeals to the concept of governmentality, can be more or less easily subsumed into the commonplace political-economy interpretation. The assumption that governmentality is a concept that refers to the inculcation of certain sorts of mentality into subjects is the prevalent interpretation of governmentality in geographys usage of this concept to bolster theories of neoliberalization, not least in the proliferation of work on neoliberal subjects. The marriage of political-econo my and governmentality therefore generates a shared space of debate that defines state-of-the-art research into neoliberalization (Barnett 2005). While in the political-economy approach, discourses are treated as expressive of other levels of determination, in the governmentality approach political economic processes recede into the background whereas political-economy approaches privilege class relations over other social relations, the governmentality approach reduces the social field to a plane of subjectification. But these differences converge around a shared assumption that reproduction happens that subjects live out their autonomous subjection as ascribed by governmental rationalities, or subordinate classes live out their regulatory roles as ascribed by hegemonic projects of consent (Clarke 2004c). And so it is that the social is reduced to the repository of a mysterious force of resistance waiting to be activated by the revelatory force of academic demystification.Foucauld ian analysis of neoliberal governmentality dust unclear whether either tradition can provide adequate resources for thinking about the practical problems of democracy, rights and social justice. This is not helped by the systematic denigration in both lines of thought of liberalism, a catch-all term used with little discrimination

Smart Sensors And Controllers Information Technology Essay

refreshful Sensors And Controllers Information Technology Essaysmart sensing elements are sensing elements with integrated electronics that erect do one or move following functions- logic functions, two-way communication, make decisions. It consists of transduction element, signal conditioning electronic and ascendance or serveor that supports some intelligence in a unmarried package. This paper introduces conceit of apt sensors and controllers systematically. The progress in the integrated circuits become possible because of the tremendous progress in semiconductor technology, resulted in the low cost microprocessor. By blueprint a low cost sensor which is silicon base the overall cost of the control system can be reduced. The usefulness of silicon technology as a smart sensor, physical phenomena of conversion to electrical output using silicon sensors, characteristics of smart sensors. The silicon sensor can produce output, as voltage, current, resistance or capacitan ces, output format can be line of latitude or digital. Suitable signal conditioning circuits along with processor can considerably designed using silicon technology. The presence of controller or processor in smart sensor has lead to corrections for different undesirable sensor characteristics which include input offset and span variations, non-linearity and coddle sensitivity. As these are carried in software, no additional hardware is required and thus calibration becomes an electronic process. Reduced cost of bulk cables and connectors, cost improvement and remote diagnostics are the qualities of smart sensors. In this paper specifically laser based smart displaced sensor is explained, how smart sensors help anesthesiologist in anaesthesia supervision is elaborated. An effort is made to demonstrate a prototype Sensor system. hurt dishwasher controller. Features of smart valve controller ends this paper.INDEXSR. NO.CONTENTS1Introduction (Smart Sensors)2Usefulness of silicon t echnology in smart sensor3General architecture of smart sensor4Importance and Adoption of smart sensor5Distributed smart sensor system6Application in Anaesthesia supervision7Smart Controller(Smart Dishwasher Controller)8Smart Valve Controller9Conclusion10References1. INTRODUCTION We can have integrated a sensor, which has electronics and the transduction element together on one silicon chip. This complete system can be called as system-on-chip .The main stupefy of integrating the electronics and the sensor is to make an intelligent sensor, which can be called as smart sensor. Smart sensors then have the ability to make some decision. physically a smart sensor consists of transduction element, signal conditioning electronic and controller/processor that support some intelligence in a single package. definition -Smart sensors are sensors with integrated electronics that can work out one or more(prenominal) function, a) logic functions b) two-way communication c) make decisions.2. U SEFULNESS OF SILICON TECHNOLOGY IN SMART SENSOR There are very convincing advantages of using silicon technology in the construction of smart sensor. All integrated circuits habituate silicon technology. A smart sensor is made with the same technology as integrated circuits.A smart sensor utilizes the transduction properties ofone class of materials and electronic properties of silicon (GaAs). A transduction element either includes thin metal films, zinc oxide and polymeric films. Integrating electronics circuits on the sensor chip makes it possible to have single chip solution. Integrated sensors provide significant advantages in terms of overall size and the ability to use small signals from the transduction element.Different silicon sensors can be obtained by employing above effects. The silicon sensor can produce output as voltage, current, resistance or capacitance. Output format can be analog or digital. Suitable signal conditioning circuits along with processor can easily be designed using silicon technology. The presence of controller or processor in smart sensor has lead to corrections for different undesirable sensor characteristics, which include input, offset and span variations, on linearity and cross sensitivity. As these are carried out in software, no additional hardware is required and thus calibration becomes an electronic process. guide conversion effectsSignal DomainExamples (Measured)Examples(Physical Effects in silicon)Radiant SignalsLight Intensity, polarizationPhotovoltaic-effect, photoelectric effectMechanical SignalsForce, pressure, flow, vaccumPiezo-resistivityThermal SignalsTemp, Temp. gradientSeebeck effectChemical SignalsConcentration, pH, toxicityIon mass strong suit field effectMagnetic SignalsField intensity, flux densityHall effect3. General Architecture of Smart Sensor It is similar to a information acquisition system, the only difference being the presence of complete system on a single silicon chip. In addition to this it has on-chip offset and temperature compensation. seal off LEVEL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SMART SENSOR Design choice of smart sensor depends on the specific application for which the sensor is required and also related to to specific industry.4. Importance and Adoption of Smart Sensor Following are qualities of smart sensora) Reduced cost of bulk cables and connectors, b) Remote Diagnostics4.1 sweetening of Application-Smart sensor also enhances the following applicationsa) Self calibration b) Computation c) Communication d) Multisensing.4.2 System ReliabilitySystem reliability is significantly ameliorate due to the utilization of smart sensors. One is due to the reduction in system wiring and second is the ability of the sensor to diagnose its own faults and their effect.4.3 proceeds in CharacteristicsThere is improvement in following characteristicsNon-linearity, Cross-sensitivity, Offset, Parameter drift and component values.4.4 Summary of Different Smart SensorsSome of the smart sensors developed at different research institutes are as followOptical Sensor Optical sensor is one of the examples of smart sensor, which are used for measuring delineation in cameras, optical angle encoders and optical arrays. Similar examples are load cells silicon based pressure sensors.AccelerometerAccelerometer fabricated at the IBM Research laboratory at San Jose California, which consists of the sensing element and electronics on silicon. The accelerometer itself is a metal-coated SiO2 cantilever beam that is fabricated on silicon chipIntegrated Multi-SensorIntegrated multi-sensor chip developed at the electronics research Laboratory University of California. This chip contains MOS devices for signal conditioning with on chip sensor, a gas flow sensor, an infrared sensing array, a chemical chemical reaction sensor, a cantilever beam, accelerometer, surface acoustic wave vapor sensor, a tactile sensor array and an infrared charge coupled device imager.5. Distribut ed Smart Sensor SystemA distributed smart sensor system consists of a network backbone, on which reside many nodes. Nodes may be loosely classify as either sensor nodes or controller nodes. Sensor nodes are those, which tend to send entropy to the network, and controller nodes are those, which tend to gather data from the network.A prototypal smart sensor node consists of three elements a physical transducer, a network port wine, and a processor/memory core. The transducer senses the physical amount of money being bard and converts it into an electrical signal. Then the signal is fed to an A/D converter, and is now ready for use by the processor. The processor will perform some signal processing on the data, and depending on how it is programmed, may send the resulting information out to the network. Network transactions are handled by the network interface block. Note that these are only functional definitions and that MEMS technology potentially allows all three blocks to be implemented on a single die. A prototypical controller node consists of processor/memory, a network interface, and input/output devices for communicating with human users. It is used to collect information from the sensor nodes, to program the sensor nodes, and to provide feedback to the user. Placing all the sensors on a common network bus enables plug and play ease of installation. That is, no new wires have to be routed to go for new nodes.Fig.No.5 Smart Sensor System Fig.No.6Prototype Smart Sensor Node6. Specific Application Of Smart Sensor In Medical Field The Anaesthesia Supervision Actually, the essential difficulty of anaesthesia supervision results of the fact that, each characteristic signal (adequate ventilation of lungs, adequate circulation, and intra cranial pressure) is assessed separately. Consequently, it is difficult for the anesthesiologist to prise the patients conditions. Moreover, he should able to distinguish equipments dysfunction of a real variation of th e patient state. So propose a new architecture for anaesthesia supervision, based on concept of smart sensor.The Contribution of This System Are As Follows-1. The elaboration of a rate order from the trend curve of pressure measure and precedent rate.2. The supervision of the difference between the intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure.Validation data processingPatientCARDIOCAPCAPNOMACANEMONEValidated data bareRough Data BaseElaborated Information and newservicesAnesthesiologistPatientSensor NCentral Supervision UnitCommunication medium of field bus typeSensor 2Sensor 1Fig.No.7Central Data Processing Unit Fig.No.8.uture Architecture of Anaesthesia Supervision7.Smart Controller Smart controller is the latest inventory mode of controller.Smart Dishwasher ControllerCurrent dishwashers enable the user to choose cycle selection, heat selection, and a outset delay. Our Smart Controller will remove the cycle options by utilizing a turbidity sensor. The Smart Controller will int erface with two modules the control card and the dishwasher hardware. Based on user inputs of heat and delay, the controller will send control signals to the proper dishwasher components. The addition of new sensors allows a more accurate pre-wash cycle that can rinse the dishes as long as necessary to remove the loose grit before starting the main cycle. This saves time, energy, and waterafter all, level(p) if the pre-wash cycle actually takes LONGER to run, the user will not have to rewash dishesIt will have inputs both from the user and from onboard sensors the micro controller that will process the information and provide the appropriate instructions to operate the dishwasher an amplification circuit to provide the correct signal voltage level to operate the respective(a) loads. With the use of a turbidity sensor and a microprocessor, we can take advantage of knowing that the dishes are clean. This will allow us to change the dishwasher operation from static cycles to dynamic cycles. This will undoubtedly result in more efficient wash cycles.8. Smart Valve ControllerFig. No. 9 Smart Valve ControllerThe Smart Valve Controller mounts to a valve solenoid quickly and easily- without screws, drills or additional wires. This rugged product is fully submersible and resists all moisture intrusion in water, mud and debris as deep as 12 feet. Operating off a single 9-volt battery thats guaranteed to provide power through a full season. Its also a breeze to program, with an easy to read and understand LCD display instead of cumbersome buttons and knobs. For isolated sites or power-restricted areas, and for the special involve of drip zones, the new Hunter Smart Valve Controller is your single-station solution.9. CONCLUSION Smart sensors are becoming a considerable part of various fields such as industries, medical, defense. Silicon plays an important role in development of smart sensors. Still a lot of research is required to get benefits of smart sensors.We na me that Home Automation is the wave of future. Smart Dishwasher controller gives future vision of Automatic Smart control system. Smooth advantage of smart controller can be sensed by practical example of smart valve controller.

Beginning Of Basketball Essay -- History Basketball

The Beginning of BasketballHave you ever had an interest in how something was constructed? An interest in how your favourite activity or hobby came about? Ever since I was introduced to sports and how competitive it was, I became hooked. I enjoy play football, hoops, and baseball. Of the three main sports that I play, basketball seems to be my favorite. It challenges endurance, speed, accuracy, agility, and strength. I feel guilty not knowing who created the game that takes up most of my free-time. It is time for me to learn about the inventor and the games past.Basketball is whizz of the most popular games in the United States. There are many different versions of it based on where one has grown up. In the less privileged areas of the United States, a type of basketball originated called And 1. It is all about stunning the crowd with tricks. This form originated a league of amazing basketball players that are sponsored by And 1. And 1 is a brand of basketball accessories, and t he name of a team that travel from city to city. The And 1 team takes on other teams, with the same playing styles, that think they are worthy enough of playing them. This form of basketball throws out some of the rules, such as traveling and carrying, in order to prolong up the ability to achieve tricks. Although there are different versions of the game, the original game is one of the largest played world-wide.He was born on November 6, 1861 in Almonte, Ontario, Canada, where he later attended high school. The man of average height, and weighing about one-hundred eighty pounds, lead an amazing life. His name was James Nasmith. After James graduate high school, he accomplished many incredible things. Nasmith started in 1887 with getting his phi... ...y of such accomplishments would be responsible for creating the game of basketball. It amazes me that not only did he invent basketball, he achieved getting 4 degrees, served in the military, won awards for being best rounded athle te, was a professor, a minister, a basketball coach at the University of Kentucky, a director, and a doctor. James Naismith was also the first to introduce the use of a helmet in American football (James Naismith). It makes me wonder if there is a man in the whole world that has ever accomplished more than the great James Naismith.Works CitedHall of Famers-James Naismith Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. 2000.27 Feb. 2007James Naismith. Wikipedia The rationalise Encyclopedia. 24 Feb. 2007.27 Feb. 2007Petersen, Mary The Basketball Man (Dr. James A. Naismith) Highlights for Children. November 1, 2005.27 Feb. 2007.

Growing up Around Agriculture :: essays research papers

I deliberate of all timeyone has been born to do something. I was born to be a veterinarian. People announce me that I depart probably end up changing my stop choice twenty seven times before I even graduate form college. I believe otherwise. I have grown up on a farm with filled with adopted animals of whole kinds- rabbits, pigeons, goats, frogs, dogs, chickens, khats, cattle, and an iguana. Ever since I was seven I unfermented I was born to become a veterinarian. This past year I was hired to work at the veterinarian clinic in Bullard. Within one month I got to help de-claw a cat and watch many surgeries. I learned how to medicate animals without getting bit, give hydrotherapy, and many other things. My title was kennel attendant and I still move to help and learn up front, in surgery, when I accurate the kennel. I always watched for depressed animals especially the ones that went though surgery, because sometimes with out the tender do by they needed they would not eat and lose weight. Just of late I have been accepted to Texas A&M University I have also persistent my degree choice will be biomedical scientific discipline. With a biomedical science degree I have over fifty c arer choices I can go into. Also, this is my backup plan if I am not accepted into vet. School right away. The choices of careers range form agricultural economist, animal breeder, dentist, bouncy manager, veterinarian assistant, and even zoologist. I have decided that what ever my career will be, it will be in agriculture and will deal with animals. Animals are so interesting and tricky they cant tell you what is wrong with them like people can. With animals you have to find out for yourself. In the degree that I am seeking I know there will be a lot of science to take. Science has always come natural to me, mayhap because you can actually see the product and touch it. I plan to become a veterinarian not just for the love of animals but for the science and knowledge also . The dissecting of animals has always been interesting to me. It is a whole new world that I can wait to explore even more. It is amazing how God do living creatures. I just want to help move on them form getting sick and doctoring them when they do.This scholarship would help my parents and I a lot.Growing up Around Agriculture essays research papersI believe everyone has been born to do something. I was born to be a veterinarian. People tell me that I will probably end up changing my degree choice twenty seven times before I even graduate form college. I believe otherwise. I have grown up on a farm with filled with adopted animals of all kinds- rabbits, pigeons, goats, frogs, dogs, chickens, cats, cattle, and an iguana. Ever since I was seven I new I was born to become a veterinarian. This past year I was hired to work at the veterinarian clinic in Bullard. Within one month I got to help de-claw a cat and watch many surgeries. I learned how to medicate animals without gettin g bit, give hydrotherapy, and many other things. My title was kennel attendant and I still tried to help and learn up front, in surgery, when I finished the kennel. I always watched for depressed animals especially the ones that went though surgery, because sometimes with out the tender care they needed they would not eat and lose weight. Just recently I have been accepted to Texas A&M University I have also decided my degree choice will be biomedical science. With a biomedical science degree I have over fifty career choices I can go into. Also, this is my backup plan if I am not accepted into vet. School right away. The choices of careers range form agricultural economist, animal breeder, dentist, game manager, veterinarian assistant, and even zoologist. I have decided that what ever my career will be, it will be in agriculture and will deal with animals. Animals are so interesting and tricky they cant tell you what is wrong with them like people can. With animals you have to find out for yourself. In the degree that I am seeking I know there will be a lot of science to take. Science has always come natural to me, possibly because you can actually see the product and touch it. I plan to become a veterinarian not just for the love of animals but for the science and knowledge also. The dissecting of animals has always been interesting to me. It is a whole new world that I can wait to explore even more. It is amazing how God made living creatures. I just want to help keep them form getting sick and doctoring them when they do.This scholarship would help my parents and I a lot.